A road construction project is a document that briefly and succinctly describes the basic requirements for the organization and safety of this type of activity. The PPR is developed on the basis of the construction organization project (COP) and/or working documentation for road work. These are the two main documents that are required to begin construction work at the site.
The PPR standard fully describes the action plan for constructing or repairing a road, as well as the requirements for organizing the process itself. The purpose of developing such a document is to optimize construction and installation work. Thanks to the work project, it is possible to determine the most effective construction methods, which:
- reduce the labor intensity of work;
- reduce their cost;
- use the time allotted for work rationally;
- increase worker productivity;
- unify technological solutions;
- improve the quality of work;
- increase the efficiency of using technology.
The document also regulates the improvement of the work space. This is necessary to prevent injuries or other possible damage during the construction process and to ensure the safety of the environment. The PPR for the construction of highways also prescribes possible risks, due to which the work period may be extended.
Who develops PPR for what types of work?
Development is carried out for the entire scope of work on the construction of the highway. This is done by the production departments of general contracting organizations, but they can order this service from an organization that specializes in such documentation, such as we are. If there is no PPR, construction will be suspended, and this entails financial costs. All types of road construction work are divided into three main groups:
- Procurement. This is the preparation and storage of materials and parts that were manufactured by construction industry enterprises.
- Transport. This is the transportation of materials and parts to factories, warehouses or intermediate bases.
- Construction and installation. These are activities directly related to the construction of the transverse profile of the road, laying asphalt and further development of the route.
Main types of work on road construction
Depending on the type of work performed, there are several types of work project for:
- winter road maintenance;
- laying road slabs for temporary roads;
- reconstruction of the highway;
- installation of road signs;
- construction of temporary roads and access roads;
- asphalting (laying asphalt mixture on a prepared base).
What else is indicated in the PPR
The types of activities listed above are included in the category “Work Production Technology”. They are directly related to the structure of the roadway itself. But from the total number, work performed in winter is distinguished. Special instructions regarding their implementation are described. The PPR for road construction should reflect several more points:
- Under what conditions is the work carried out? This indicates whether a new road is being built or an existing pavement is being repaired.
- Safety requirements at the construction site.
- The composition of the units performing certain work at each site.
- Recommendations and conditions for using materials.
Main types of technological complexes in PPR for highways
Work plans for certain types of activities can be developed by subcontractors if they are engaged in these works: installation, general construction or special. Here, the creation of a project can also be transferred to specialized organizations. In general, PPR is developed for the following types of work:
- preparatory;
- roadbed devices;
- construction of an embankment;
- excavation development;
- compaction of dumped soils;
- subgrade finishing;
- strengthening slopes;
- construction of road surfaces, intersections and junctions.
If necessary, the PPR for the construction of roads describes the arrangement of the route, measures for land reclamation and installation of small artificial structures. Each of the listed stages includes several more works.
Preparatory work
They begin after approval of the right-of-way and are carried out almost constantly, since construction often takes place using the in-line method along occupations, plots or installation sites. Having completed the process in one area, you must immediately begin preparing another. Often this happens simultaneously to reduce construction time. The composition of technological complexes for the preparatory stage is also indicated in the PPR for road construction:
- creation of a geodetic basis;
- preliminary and final layout of the route;
- temporary water reduction, drainage;
- demolition of buildings and structures in the diversion zone;
- removal of utility networks;
- creation of bypasses and temporary roads, quarries and reserves.
Construction of subgrade and construction of embankments in PPR
The main structural element of any road is the roadbed. For this reason, the organization and process of its construction are among the most important issues. The main technological complexes for constructing the roadbed:
- breakdown of road elements;
- preparation of the base;
- construction of embankments and development of excavations;
- strengthening slopes.
At the next stage, the construction of embankments takes place. This is the sequential laying and compaction of soil that was developed earlier. Such a complex is reflected in the technological map. It indicates the following points:
- soil development schemes;
- embankment elevations;
- working and idling speeds of machines;
- design and geometric parameters of the subgrade.
Development of an excavation as part of the PPR
In the process of excavation development, special equipment is used: excavators, bulldozers, motor graders, loaders, etc. Their uninterrupted operation is the main task that must be performed in the process of drawing up a production project. If there are strong soils in the construction zone, then additionally a technical specification or work permit is drawn up for road construction and blasting operations. In other cases, a technological map is developed, including:
- soil development;
- loading it into dump trucks;
- transportation of soil to a landfill or temporary warehouse;
- site layout;
- development of slopes;
- cutting cuvettes.
Finishing the subgrade and strengthening slopes
The constructed embankments and developed excavations have rough outlines, winding edges and uneven slopes. To give the cross-section of a highway the design shape, the following technological complexes are required:
- strengthening embankments, excavations and slopes;
- cleaning of excavations to design marks;
- strengthening the bottom of reserves and ditches from wind blowing and water erosion;
- roadbed layout.
After completing these complexes, they move on to strengthening work. To ensure the stability of earthen slopes, TCs can be developed for:
- fastening with riprap;
- sowing perennial grasses or laying a previously removed layer of soil;
- installation of prefabricated reinforced concrete lattice or solid slab blocks;
- monolithic fastening with reinforced concrete;
- planting shrubs and trees;
- fastening with reinforced soil, gabions or fascines.
Construction of road pavement
Sometimes the technological map for road improvement involves the creation of a dividing strip with the planting of shrubs and trees. Its construction should precede the installation of foundations for the coating, which includes several technological complexes:
- profiling and backfilling of the embankment body;
- arrangement of sites for storing materials and temporary entrances;
- final compaction of the base;
- arrangement of additional layers;
- construction of dividing strips;
- preparation of the “black base”.
The TC for the construction of temporary access roads is necessary, since during the construction of a highway it is necessary to move a large amount of soil. Exits and exits are also necessary to ensure the continuous operation of the equipment that is used in the process of laying the foundation for the roadway.
Road repair
Almost every year, at the end of the winter period, the pressing issue of repairing the access road to a residential building arises. Snow and ice have a destructive effect on the road surface, especially if it was laid poorly, not in accordance with GOST; by spring, huge holes are exposed, due to which cars are damaged and sometimes people are injured.
Often after winter it is necessary to repair sidewalks. Who is responsible for the roads in the yards and at whose expense should they be repaired?
To repair roads and sidewalks in your yard, you can contact the municipal authorities, but they often act slowly, sometimes even ignoring the request. What should residents do in this case? First you need to find out exactly who should repair roads in the courtyards of certain houses:
- If the road is a common property, its Management Company is responsible for repairs. She must know the boundaries of the local area of the apartment building being serviced; this must be indicated in the technical passport of the house.
- If the territory is urban and is not part of the common property of residents, the local city government is responsible for its repair and maintenance.
The responsibility of the municipality to monitor city property, including roads, is determined by Federal Law No. 196 (Article 12, paragraph 2).
In order for the municipality to begin repairing its property in the courtyard of the house, that is, the road, you need to draw up an application and submit it to the local authorities. Such a collective appeal is drawn up in two copies, its receipt must be registered. Municipal authorities must consider the application within a month.
ATTENTION! If local authorities refuse to repair their access roads leading to residential buildings, residents have the right to go to court.
Technological map for the improvement of highways
The development of technological maps (TC) is necessary if complex work is performed or new methods are used in the process. In other cases, standard TTKs are used. They must be tied to regional construction conditions. The technological map for improvement may include:
- horizontal road markings;
- installation of signal posts and barrier fencing;
- installation of road signs;
- equipping with traffic lights, lighting network;
- installation of automated traffic control systems;
- landscaping, small architectural forms.
The purpose of landscaping is to improve the environmental and sanitary condition of the site. Additionally, TC helps ensure traffic safety for both cars and pedestrians. Landscaping protects the route from snow drifts and serves as an aesthetic design.
Government program
ATTENTION! In the period from 2020 to 2022, there is a program providing for the improvement of local areas.
It will improve living conditions in an apartment building, change the appearance of courtyards for the better, and create a large number of children's and sports grounds inside the courtyard.
The government is allocating a huge amount of money, 20 billion, to implement the program. They are divided between regions, and at the local level management will plan their further targeted use.
In this way, the government helps residents of apartment buildings quickly and at a modern level to landscape their yards, but then the owners of the apartments will have to pay for their maintenance. If residents of apartment buildings have already accepted courtyards into common property, they have already transferred funds under the column “house maintenance.”
The allocation of funds under the program also implies the development of regional programs; residents can already participate in this process.
When developing the municipal program, those courtyards that are most in need of repair and improvement of the local area will be identified. From 2022, at the end of the program, those areas that will be renovated will become the property of the residents of the apartment complex.
They will have to pay for their maintenance and repairs. If further repairs are needed, at the general meeting of the owners of the apartment building, a list of works that are planned to be carried out in the area near the house is approved; the apartment owners can make their own additions and express their opinions.
A representative from the house will monitor those who are repairing the yard and the quality of all work. Residents decide how much personal money they are willing to spend on improvements.
Technological map for road construction
This document describes a separate type of repeating technological cycles. The TC contains less information than the PPR, but the selected process itself is described in more detail. Thus, a standard technical specification for the construction of road pavement reflects:
- scope of the document;
- organization of work;
- cutting off the fertile soil layer;
- preparing the foundations of the embankment;
- arrangement of the underlying layer;
- calculation of labor costs;
- instructions for organizing work.
A typical flow chart can replace the PPR at any facility if the work described in it fully corresponds to what is being performed. The development of such documentation should be trusted only to specialists, since without these documents construction is prohibited.
