Service life of a country house made of SIP panels

Construction objects have a standard service life, established depending on the materials used to manufacture the load-bearing elements, conditions of maintenance and use.

In fact, various buildings are used for longer than the established norm with proper maintenance and major repairs. If residential, public and industrial real estate is treated negligently, premature wear and decommissioning occurs.

What is service life

The period of existence of a construction project from the moment of construction until the moment of complete wear, destruction or disassembly is called the service life.

Buildings and structures not used for their intended purpose, mothballed or abandoned, continue to wear out, counting down the time of their serviceability.

The construction material of load-bearing structures significantly affects the period of operation of the object, and the service life of a panel house is longer than the service life of a wooden house.

Features of home operation

The issue of demolishing the old building is being considered from different angles. Standard operating periods are, rather, approximate figures that city planners can use as a guide, but do not necessarily follow.

An old five-story building, built on a good foundation and with major renovations, can stand for another half a century, while a brand new house can fall apart at the seams in a couple of years.

What people pay attention to when the question is raised about the lifespan of a house:

• Condition of housing. The most important point. Emergency buildings must be occupied as soon as possible, because this threatens human lives.
• Economic expediency. A nondescript two-story house in the city center can stand for another half a century - but the cost of the land under it clearly does not correspond to its size and appearance. It could be demolished and a taller building built to accommodate more residents, or a building with larger commercial space would rise in its place.
• Appearance. In the central part of most cities there are bound to be dilapidated buildings that spoil the overall picture. Such buildings are either demolished or renovated with mandatory façade finishing.
• Cultural and historical value. It is not at all easy to demolish such a building - an order is not enough for this. If the building is really so valuable, then it can stand for centuries, but it will certainly need restoration.

Panel house.

Service life of various types of residential buildings

Each era in the history of our country brought something of its own to urban planning. The Stalin era with its Empire style gave the country beautiful and durable houses, the post-war era - a huge amount of nondescript, but affordable housing. In modern times, residential high-rise buildings made of glass and concrete are springing up everywhere, as if out of the ground.

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All this has its own standard expiration dates.

• Stalin's buildings. Service life – 125-150 years. They were built from 1930 to 1956.
• Housing that can be called elite without hesitation. Spacious rooms, high ceilings, beautiful exterior decoration of the building - all this reflected the desire of the country's leadership to show how the young Soviet state was growing and strengthening. Of course, such houses were intended mainly for the nomenklatura, and after the change of government their construction was stopped - the high cost and complexity of the work did not allow the citizens to be resettled in their own apartments. The "Stalinists" were replaced by the "Khrushchevs"
• Five-story panel houses. Service life – 50 years. They were built from 1955 to 1970 (in some cities until the early 80s).
• Back in the USSR, these houses were planned as temporary. But, unfortunately, the temporary has become “permanent” and is already worth even more than it should be due to the terms. In Moscow, panel Khrushchev buildings are being rapidly disposed of, but in the provinces they still exist in huge numbers. Not long ago, it was decided to carry out a major renovation program for such houses, which includes: insulation, external and internal decoration, and reconstruction of individual parts. Everything suggests that these temporary panels will last for more than one generation: cramped apartments that do not retain heat well are cheap, and therefore there is always a demand for them.
• Brick five-story houses. Service life – up to 100 years.
• A more comfortable version of the "Khrushchev" apartments. Brick houses are warmer and have better sound insulation, and their service life is twice as long as that of panel houses.
• Panel and block houses of the Brezhnev era. Service life – up to 100 years. Built from 1965 to 1980.
• By analogy with “Khrushchev” houses, such houses are called “Brezhnevka”. The height of the houses varies from 9 to 16 floors. They have elevators and garbage chutes (the latter most often do not function today). The ceilings are higher and the kitchens are more spacious. The disadvantages of such houses are determined by the large number of people living in them. Dirty entrances and terrible-looking flights of stairs - this is about Brezhnevka. Today, reconstruction projects for such buildings are being developed, since demolishing them is unprofitable from an economic point of view.
• Modern panel residential buildings. Service life is about 100 years. Built from the late 80s to the present day.
• Since today houses are most often built according to individual plans, the quality of such housing and its service life are very difficult to predict. It happened that within a month the happy owners of an apartment in such a house discovered cracks in the load-bearing walls.
• Modern brick, monolithic and monolithic-brick houses. Service life – 100-150 years. Built from the late 80s to the present day.
• The qualities of a well-built monolith made of concrete or brick house are excellent noise and heat insulation and resistance to environmental influences.

This video will tell you what the pros and cons of panel houses are:

Various periods

The time of use of a construction project is divided into periods of running-in, normal operation and intensive wear.

At the first stage, the elements of the structure are ground in, run-in, shifts appear, and shrinkage occurs. The process of loss of strength begins and the bulk of defects and violations are identified, which are eliminated or localized.

During the period of normal operation, the behavior of the elements of the structure stabilizes; the manifested deformations are associated with the conditions of use and arise unexpectedly.

As you age, there comes a period of intense wear and tear. During operation, all components of a building or structure lose their qualities, strength and stability decrease, and the characteristics and properties of materials deteriorate.

The three stages of an object’s life have normative and actual periods for each individual element and the entire complex.

Normative

The name itself suggests a connection with building codes. Russian legislation sets standards for the service life of buildings and structures of various types. During the design process, designers take these standards into account and, calculating effective functioning, offer materials that can withstand the entire designated period.

Actual

Unlike the normative one, the actual period depends on the operating conditions, the materials used, design solutions and capital of the facility as a whole.

The actual period of operation of the facility with regular and timely current and major repairs may be longer than specified by the standards. If the condition of the building is not monitored and the schedule of prevention and restoration is violated, then the object may not survive to the standard date.

The main reasons for the durability of SIP houses

• The house has a solid monolithic structure and does not shrink. Due to the light weight, the load on the foundation is minimal.
• The panels are resistant to moisture thanks to special impregnation. They reliably resist rotting and mold formation. They are also not afraid of insects and rodents. Certain additives make this material absolutely unattractive to biological organisms.
• SIP houses can be built in any climatic conditions. They are not afraid of strong temperature changes. Such houses are able to cope with fluctuations from -50 to +50 degrees.

Regulatory documentation

The planned service life of the designed object is determined by agreement between the customer and the general designer. For this purpose, the approximate terms given in GOST R 54257-2010 “Reliability of building structures and foundations” are used.

The standard service life of buildings and structures is contained in various SNiP and construction regulations.

Standardized requirements and recommendations contain:

• SNiP 31-01-2003 “Residential multi-apartment buildings”,
• SP 54.13330.2011 “Residential multi-apartment buildings”,
• SP 118.13330.2012 “Public buildings and structures”, current edition of SNiP 31-06-2009 “Public buildings and structures”,
• SP 43.13330.2012 “Structures of industrial enterprises”,
• SP 56.13330.2011 “Industrial buildings”.

What is the service life of today's new buildings?

The average service life of any residential buildings, including new buildings, is determined by official standards, according to which high-rise apartment buildings “live” from approximately 70 to 150 years. Each type of house construction is allocated an approximate period of operation: panel and block houses last about 75 years, brick ones - about 100 years, and monolithic ones, which are reasonably considered the most durable, last an average of 150 years. According to our data, in July 2020, construction of 59 monolithic and 38 panel houses was underway in the mass segment in Moscow. Thus, of the 97 economy-class residential complexes under construction, 60% have every chance of lasting 150 years, and 40% can last from 70 to 100 years. Almost all projects in the business and luxury class segments are built using high-quality monolithic materials, so the forecasts for their service life are the most optimistic: they can last even more than 150 years.

Types of residential apartment buildings

The distinctive features of the types of residential buildings are the production technology and the main material of manufacture.

Currently, there are types of apartment buildings:

• panel, made using large reinforced concrete structures, panels,
• monolithic, consisting of a solid reinforced concrete frame,
• block, built from a large number of prefabricated elements, like a constructor,
• brick, which are environmentally friendly, built from natural material,
• wooden, built from round environmentally friendly wood or timber.

Chain strength

To estimate the lower limit and establish the service life of houses and other buildings made from SIP panels, it is useful to evaluate what other elements are used in their construction. The short list is as follows:

• foundation elements;
• thermal inserts in the form of timber between SIP panels of houses, as well as a connecting board;
• in some projects, load-bearing frame elements made of wood are used;
• Mauerlat and ridge beam.

The actual service life of dried and treated wood under physical stress is about 25 years in the absence of protection from external influences. The lower estimate, which opponents of SIP technology call when they want to announce the service life of structures made of SIP panels, both residential buildings and technical buildings, is based on this fact.

Lifetime

A structure built in accordance with SNiP and according to the design must last the entire period specified in the design specifications. At the calculation stage, load-bearing structures (foundation, walls, ceilings) are calculated based on the service life of the entire object.

To facilitate planning of current and major repairs, setting depreciation periods, building codes and regulations provide for:

• six groups of housing capital,
• nine groups of public buildings,
• four groups of industrial buildings.

Proper operating conditions and timely repairs can increase the actual durability of buildings. Not so with the standard deadline. Despite the fact that new materials and technologies are appearing, modern buildings are planned for a shorter period of operation.

Standards

The estimated service life of construction projects depends on the material of the structures and many factors associated with wear. Taking into account the main characteristics of materials and influencing factors, standard service life has been developed.

For public facilities, a broader breakdown into groups is provided.

Shelf life

Currently, there are buildings of different years of construction. They were built using outdated technologies and materials that are not used today. To streamline the structures, they divided them into types and established average shelf life.

Service life of panel houses of the 80s

Still, according to experts, old brick houses (especially those built between 1860 and 1917) are better in quality than modern ones. They will last a long time. Modern brick buildings, with the exception of elite ones, are built from hollow, short-lived brick. In principle, everyone who lives in brick houses built in the era of “developed socialism” can sleep peacefully. According to most expert appraisers, they will stand for a long time. After all, “standard service life” is a relative concept. For example, brick “Khrushchev” buildings will last at least another 100 years after major repairs.

Wear

Gradually, the deterioration of structures in the aggregate exceeds the permissible limits for safe operation. When wear exceeds 75-80%, the condition of the objects is considered unsuitable for use.

In addition to the physical irreversible processes of destruction of structural strength, there is moral obsolescence, which occurs when objects lose their functional purpose, and the inconsistency of architectural and planning solutions in relation to modern requirements and demands.

Physical

Material or technical wear and tear is called physical. It implies the loss of properties of materials under the influence of external and internal factors.

The relationship between the degree of physical wear and tear and the condition of structures or the entire object:

The accuracy of wear determination varies in the range from 1 to 5 percent, depending on the approach and instruments used.

A common method is to determine the amount of wear and tear as the arithmetic average for each component, weighted by its share in the total replacement cost of the object. The wear of individual parts of the entire structure is determined using special tables.

Moral

The most common example of obsolescence is when a building no longer meets the parameters and requirements of modern society, its functional purpose, and architectural and planning solutions no longer meet new social demands.

Indicators of obsolescence include:

• planning flaws,
• strength, heat-insulating, sound-absorbing and hydrophobic properties of the materials used, which are far behind modern ones,
• engineering equipment is missing or of unsatisfactory quality.

Obsolescence is measured using technical, economic and sociological methods. The first develops a system of indicators based on a generalization of the unit cost of structural elements and equipment as a percentage of the replacement cost. The obtained values ​​must be constantly adjusted.

Sociological assessment is based on analysis of the real estate market and is widely used in real estate activities.

An example of a worn-out residential building is panel buildings, called Khrushchev buildings, with tiny kitchens, low ceilings, and combined bathrooms. The relatively short service life of a panel house is also a kind of obsolescence factor.

Residual wear coefficient

Housing stock with wear and tear of 70 to 75% is considered completely worn out and unsuitable for further use. For transitions between different categories of indicators, a residual wear coefficient of 1.4 is used, calculated by the formula:

100 / 72.5 (average value from 70-75) = 1.4

Depreciation (economic indicators of wear and tear) is determined by multiplying the coefficient of residual wear and tear by physical wear and tear according to inventory data. The remaining service life of the housing stock is calculated as the difference between 100% and the residual depreciation coefficient multiplied by the actual depreciation rate divided by the annual depreciation rate.

Panel house - service life, how to determine it

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By type of structure

To satisfy their material and cultural needs, people build a variety of structures, divided according to a number of distinctive features.

According to the geometric parameters of construction projects, they are distinguished:

• volumetric,
• playgrounds (sports grounds),
• linear (roads, pipelines, power lines).

Structures located above or below the surface of the earth are called above-ground or underground, respectively.

Buildings are classified according to the number of floors:

• one-story,
• low-rise (up to 3 inclusive),
• multi-storey (from 4 to 9),
• high number of storeys (from 10 to 20),
• high-rise (more than 20 floors),
• mixed number of storeys.

According to the purpose of the building - residential, public and industrial.

Public

Capital objects intended to meet the socio-cultural needs of a person or to perform administrative functions are called public.

The following objects are considered public:

• educational institutions,
• kindergartens,
• trade and catering,
• healthcare,
• recreation for children and adults,
• sports,
• culture,
• administrative.

Industrial

Industrial buildings are widely classified according to their purpose.

Industrial facilities include:

• production,
• auxiliary production,
• energy,
• transport,
• warehouse,
• sanitary,
• auxiliary and general production.

Condition assessment

A technical condition inspection is carried out to assess the quality and reliability of the object as a whole, its elements and components. As a result, indicators are determined that take into account changes during operation, on the basis of which calculations for repairs are made.

When conducting an assessment according to technical safety regulations, sufficient and reliable information about full or limited performance can be obtained. Based on the data, the next major overhaul is predicted or planned.

The age and condition of the house are much more important than construction technology

The maximum service life of concrete and brick buildings with concrete floors usually exceeds 100 years. The same applies to houses called Stalinist. So, most of the houses on the secondary market, subject to conscientious construction and normal operation, can provide conditions for normal life for another 30-60 years. But unfortunately, not everything is going smoothly with construction and operation.

Not all Khrushchev-era buildings and more modern brick and panel houses were built to last. Poor quality building materials and non-compliance with technology were commonplace. The most obvious sign is crooked walls that do not fit into any building codes. Bricks falling out of the masonry and cement that looks more like compacted sand are also not something extraordinary.

If you don’t want to level and insulate crooked walls, you can buy an apartment in New Tushino from the developer

You need to pay attention to such nuances when purchasing both secondary and primary real estate. But if all these problems are hidden under a beautiful renovation, it’s difficult to “get to the bottom” of them. But if you decide, for example, > to buy a one-room apartment from a developer, you will have the opportunity to look at the bare walls and evaluate the quality of the builders’ work.

Procedure

Work to inspect the condition of construction projects is a complex multi-level study.

The procedure is performed in stages:

1. Familiarization with the object and drawing up a work plan.
2. Preliminary inspection of building elements.
3. A thorough technical study establishing the physical and technical characteristics of the structure.
4. Determination of parameters of strength, stiffness and cracking resistance.
5. Assessment of the technical condition and operating conditions of the facility based on the results obtained.
6. Initial identification of dangerous defects, damage and deformation of elements that are in emergency condition, and development of localizing measures.
7. Determining a safe method of access to the object being repaired.
8. Development of measures to ensure operational requirements for the building.

The scope of survey work is determined in the customer’s technical specifications.

In accordance with the terms of reference for the study, various methods are used:

• acoustic,
• radiometric,
• magnetometric,
• vibrating.

Properties of SIP panels

The basis for the durability of a house is the characteristics of the building material. Budget SIP panels are made from polystyrene foam with double-sided OSB sheathing. Some manufacturers use additional processing of facing slabs to increase service life. Some manufacturers produce particularly resistant products from basalt sheathed with sheets of galvanized steel.

The service life largely depends on the choice of SIP panels for building a house. Branded materials are produced under strict quality control, undergoing numerous tests, so they fully comply with the declared characteristics. With products from little-known brands, not everything is so simple. But high-quality SIP panels have common properties that have a positive effect on their service life:

• operating temperature range from -180 to +80 °C;
• preservation of the original geometry;
• increased bending rigidity of the slab;
• resistance to moisture;
• not susceptible to destruction by pests.

During testing, the material successfully passes the test for resistance to wind and snow loads. A house made of water-repellent SIP panels is not afraid of flooding, temperature changes, rodents, insects, mold, mildew and other microorganisms. The design does not shrink and therefore does not deform over time. However, it is possible to spoil even high-quality material if you do not follow the rules of installation, finishing and operation of the house.