Last week, the website “Legal Ambulance” published 2 expert articles on the problems of deed of gift and unilateral gift agreement, which, judging by your questions, pointed out to us the gaps in the section, one of which was the act of acceptance and transfer under the gift agreement, not previously considered by us.
Today, a practicing lawyer and one of the authors of the blog, Oleg Ustinov, will talk about the most important features and nuances of the design of this document, as well as the most common problems associated with this act.
The act of acceptance and transfer under a gift agreement in 2020 from the point of view of the legislator
Let us immediately note that the civil law of the Russian Federation does not oblige to draw up an act of acceptance and transfer when concluding a gift transaction.
However, this is not prohibited for them. Moreover, in some cases, the preparation of such a document significantly simplifies the legal relationship between the parties to the deed of gift. Therefore, it is worth studying the rules and features of its design as carefully as possible. Moscow and St. Petersburg , don’t have time to delve into the essence of the topic? We offer you FREE LEGAL ADVICE from the best lawyers in the country - right now!
Save money and time with us! The main point when drawing up an act of this type (regardless of the type of property being transferred as a gift) is to indicate in the document the fact that there are no (mutual or unilateral) claims between the donor and the donee. In addition, similar to other similar documents, the deed should describe in as much detail as possible the properties and characteristics of the object of donation, which would distinguish it from among similar objects.
Expert opinion
Lyudmila Kim
Invited expert: author of the “Child Support” blog, practicing family lawyer, 7 years of experience.
Based on the requirements and norms established in the current legislation of the Russian Federation, namely in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, it is not required to draw up an act of acceptance and transfer in 2020 when drawing up a gift agreement! This document also cannot be required by state registration authorities (for example, Rosreestr employees when registering ownership of donated real estate). As a rule, this act is drawn up at the mutual request of the parties.
So, the content of the act of transfer and acceptance by the parties to the transaction reflects the fact of transfer of the object of donation. The deed itself, after signing, is an integral part of the deed of gift itself and is considered a legal annex to the main deed of gift.
Drawing up such an act will act as a guarantor for the donor and will reduce the chances of conflicts and disputes arising in relation to the gift given to him in the event that this item of donation has certain shortcomings. And all because the contents of the document will contain written confirmation that the donee is ready to accept the property in its current condition.
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Simply put, even if disputes arise due to the poor quality of the donated object (naturally, all the features and shortcomings of the transferred property must be reflected in the contents of the act), the gift agreement will not be able to be challenged in court!
An example of lawyers from the website “Legal Ambulance”
Citizen O. gave her niece a car. At the same time, together with the deed of gift, an act of acceptance and transfer was drawn up, according to the contents of which the donated car, at the time of its transfer, had problems with the engine. Two weeks later, the niece filed a claim in court, wanting to terminate the deed of gift, arguing that when concluding the transaction, she did not have the necessary technical knowledge to fully assess the defect. The court rejected the niece’s claim, pointing out that by signing the acceptance certificate, she not only agreed to accept the gift, but also confirmed her awareness of the existing shortcomings of the car.
It is worth noting that in most cases, even if the shortcomings were not listed in the deed of donation signed by the parties, the court will take the side of the donor, since in the current situation it is very difficult to prove that at the time of signing the deed, such shortcomings existed at all. After all, judging by the document signed by the donee, there were none.
The transfer and acceptance certificate must be drawn up in several copies (at least two - one for each party to the transaction).
Instructions for filling
Before filling out the transfer deed, the parties to the transaction must inspect the apartment being transferred, note the identified comments and, after completing this procedure, fill out the document, displaying the identified comments and suggestions, and affix their signatures.
The procedure for transferring real estate is reflected in Art. 556 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. In fact, the deed of transfer is a continuation of the contract of real estate, indicating the actual completion of the obligations assumed by the parties to the contract.
The act is filled out in any form, but always displays the details of the main DCP and lists the required information.
The document is filled out, most often, by participants in the PrEP. However, if the DCP for the apartment was developed by a lawyer or notary, then it is advisable that this form be drawn up by the same persons.
The acceptance certificate is drawn up regardless of the method of acquiring residential premises (in the primary or secondary market).
The form is issued in 2 copies. If a bank is involved in the transaction (for example, with a mortgage loan), then the 3rd copy is filled out. An additional copy may be needed for registration services when registering the right to own residential space.
After signing the PPA, the keys are usually transferred to the new owner.
Note. The content of PPA purchased residential premises on the primary and secondary markets has a slight difference.
On the secondary market
The PPA of premises purchased on the secondary market is a little simpler. It does not contain buyer claims regarding quality. The essence of such a document is only to certify the fact of transfer of the living space to the Buyer in the condition shown in the DCP.
A signature on such a form is usually placed after a superficial inspection of the premises to check that it is not burned, not flooded, not turned into trash, etc. The buyer is also obliged to make sure that there is no debt on housing and communal services by checking the indicators of electricity and water meters , and in the absence of debt on telephone bills, if a telephone is installed on the premises.
If, during an inspection of the premises, serious defects or debts for housing and communal services are revealed, the Buyer has the right to demand from the Seller the elimination of defects and repayment of arrears on all payments. This condition can be reflected in a separate clause in the PPA (if the Seller agrees to immediately eliminate everything), or the form is not signed by the receiving party (if the Seller does not want to address the comments). In the latter option, the problem is resolved through legal proceedings.
After signing the PPA, responsibility for the premises (including settlements with housing and communal services) rests with the Buyer.
The PPA does not need to be confirmed by a notary, but at the request of the DPA participants it can be confirmed by a notary.
The form requires the following information:
1. Name of the form, date and place of completion.
2. Full name and passport details of the parties.
3. A link to the DCT, on the basis of which the transfer of the apartment is carried out.
4. Address and brief description of housing, indicating:
- general and living space;
- floors;
- number of rooms.
5. Signatures of participants in the transfer of living space.
The PPA can also display data on the current condition of the living space, as well as a list of furniture and other attributes (if the sale is carried out furnished).
In addition, the PPA can reflect the fact that the Seller has received the entire amount for the apartment, with the issuance of a receipt to this effect.
Sample
On the primary market in a new building
The PSA for residential premises purchased on the primary market is filled out by the Developer and is part of the agreement for shared participation in the construction. This form refers to a mandatory document submitted for registration of a purchase in Rosreestr.
A signed PPA for residential premises in a new building means that the Developer has fulfilled its promises to the buyer-shareholder. Consequently, from this moment on, the responsibility for payments for housing and communal services for the apartment passes to the shareholder, despite the not yet registered ownership.
A special feature of the PPA for the transferred premises purchased on the primary market is that the shareholder has the right to reflect his claims to the quality of the housing in the form. A list of identified construction deficiencies is noted either in the PPA or in the inspection form attached to the PPA.
In this option, despite the fact that the deed is signed, the Seller-Builder is obliged to correct the noted defects or pay compensation to the equity holder.
The acceptance certificate for a new building requires the following data to be displayed:
- Name of the form, date and place of completion.
- FULL NAME. shareholder and construction company data.
- Link to the agreement with the construction organization.
- Housing construction address, apartment number, entrance and floor (according to BTI data).
- Brief description of the living space (area according to BTI measurements, number of rooms, presence of loggias/balconies, etc.).
- Absence/presence of comments on the quality of housing.
- Signature of the shareholder and the representative of the construction company.
- The PPA may also contain other items that do not contradict the legislative norms of the Russian Federation.
The PPA for residential premises purchased in a new building is drawn up in 3 copies: for the construction company, for the Buyer and for registration of the DPA in Rosreestr.
Sample
Certificate of acceptance and transfer of real estate in 2020
It is immediately worth noting that, in addition to the act of acceptance and transfer of an apartment or house, the fact of transfer of this property into the ownership of the donee will also be confirmed by the certificate of ownership he received and, in fact, by the real estate donation agreement itself.
As we have already mentioned, there is no specially established sample of an act of acceptance and transfer of real estate. However, although the legislator reserved the parties the right to draw up this document in any form, the document must contain the following information:
- Place, as well as the exact calendar date of compilation;
- complete information about the parties to the transaction;
- details of the gift agreement, which is the basis for the existence of this act;
- accurate and complete information about the transferred real estate (actual market value, total area, physical address, name of the property, cadastral number, etc.);
- details, as well as the name of the documents transferred along with the property (for example, a boundary plan or technical passport);
- a list of shortcomings of the transferred property;
- an indication of the complete absence of claims from the parties regarding the condition of the property.
If a land plot is given as a gift, experienced lawyers recommend that it be sure to indicate in its contents the category of the plot and its permitted use (for example, land for personal farming, an agricultural plot, etc.). If there are any buildings and structures on the land transferred by donation, this must also be mentioned in the deed.
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Deed of gift for a car to a close relative - 2020 form
In addition, if when registering a donation, instead of one of the parties, his legal representative acts, he must have an appropriate power of attorney certified by a notary! And, if the gift is a share of real estate, its size must be reflected in the contract and deed.
When is the acceptance certificate drawn up?
The deed of transfer of property, a sample of which must be studied before drawing up an official document, confirms the legality of the change in ownership of real estate or material assets. It is issued when making the following transactions:
- Delivery of goods;
- Purchase of goods;
- Sale of goods;
- Lease agreement;
- Donation of property;
- Transfer of property for storage purposes.
Document requirements
When drawing up a document, certain conditions must be observed:
- The time of execution of the deed and the actual date of transfer of property to the receiving person must coincide;
- The cost of goods is indicated in rubles;
- Signatures of interested parties must be clear so that they can be deciphered.
What's inside the document
A simple sample act of acceptance and transfer of property or any inventory items includes the following parameters:
- Name;
- Compilation time;
- Passport data (for individuals) and details (for legal entities) of the parties involved in the transaction;
- Reference to the agreement accompanying the document (for example, the number and date of the purchase and sale agreement);
- Information about the quality of transferred goods;
- The exact number of transferred items or objects;
- Information about possible defects in the transferred goods;
- Data on deadlines;
- Information about possible claims from the receiving party regarding the quality of the transferred goods;
- Stamp and required signatures of the parties.
Design rules
At the legislative level, there are no strict requirements for the form of such documents. Its preparation comes down to the individual wishes of the parties and the requirements of the relevant agreement, to which the acceptance certificate is an annex. It is important to understand that the act will not have legal force if it is signed by persons who do not have the right to sign such documents. Powers are confirmed at the level of instructions from management or the manager's authorized representative. In addition, it must be taken into account that the preparation of a document by unauthorized persons may serve as the basis for initiating a criminal case for illegal activities and gross violations in the preparation of documentation.
Samples
If a purchase and sale or lease agreement is concluded between individuals, they can find a sample deed of transfer of property (transfer deed) on the Internet. It can be downloaded and used as an example.
If one of the parties is a legal entity or individual entrepreneur, then, as a rule, they have developed document templates, including acts of transfer of goods or other valuables.
How to draw up an apartment acceptance certificate in 2020
As we mentioned in the last paragraph, the fact of transfer of ownership of the apartment from the donor to the donee will be confirmed, in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation, by these three documents:
- deed of gift;
- additional transfer deed;
- issued by the Rosreestr authorities, a certificate of the right to take ownership.
A special form and sample of the act of acceptance and transfer of an apartment in 2020 is not available in Russian legislation and the parties to the deed of gift draw it up in any form, taking into account the current situation.
At the same time, in order for this document to have legal force, it should indicate:
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- data of the parties to the real estate donation transaction;
- place and date of drawing up the document;
- exact details of the donation agreement, which serves as the basis for drawing up the transfer and acceptance certificate;
- a full description of the donated real estate (see above);
- details, as well as the name of the documents transferred along with the housing;
- a list of shortcomings and defects (both obvious and not obvious) of the alienated apartment;
- an indication that the parties have no claims regarding the general condition of the transferred property.
Also, in the event of alienation of a share of an apartment, it is necessary to indicate its part, size or percentage.
Expert opinion
Oleg Ustinov
Practicing lawyer, author of the website “Legal Ambulance”, one of the co-founders of the “Our Future” foundation.
In the event that the recipient party is not one, but a group of persons, in the act of acceptance and transfer of the apartment it is necessary to indicate full information about the acceptance of part of the apartment by each of the participants, as well as the absence of any claims from these persons to the property received by them.
If, when drawing up a deed of gift, the donee or donor acts as his representative, the main document and deed must indicate the details of the corresponding notarized power of attorney.
Design rules
There is no approved unified housing PPA form established by law.
However, when filling out the form, there are some mandatory requirements that must be included in the PPA. The act must include:
- The date and place of its completion.
- Passport details of the parties.
- The name and number of the agreement, which is the basis for drawing up the transfer deed.
- Information about the absence of claims from the seller.
- Information about the absence of complaints from the buyer.
- Signatures of the parties to the transaction with a full transcript of their names.
You can learn more about the rules for drawing up a transfer deed by watching the video.
( Video : “We draw up a transfer deed for the apartment purchase and sale agreement”)
How to draw up an act of acceptance and transfer of land in 2020
The basic rule for drawing up an act of acceptance and transfer of a land plot under a deed of gift in 2020 is to indicate the main features and characteristics according to which it is possible to identify this plot and distinguish it from among similar objects.
An example from the lawyers of the website “Legal Ambulance”
Citizen O. and citizen K. correctly drew up an act of acceptance and transfer of a donated plot of land, indicating in it the cadastral number of the plot, as well as its actual area and location.
As in the case of registering a donation of real estate, described above, the deed must indicate the real details of the donation agreement itself (date of preparation, name, etc.).
EVERYONE NEEDS TO KNOW THIS:
Invalidation of the gift agreement
The most important thing when drawing up such a document is to indicate which category of land plots the donated object belongs to! Also, if there are any buildings on it, write them down in the contents of the act.
The appendices to the main agreement and the transfer and acceptance certificate are:
- boundary plan of the land plot;
- his cadastral passport.
It is these documents that the donor must transfer to the donee when concluding the transaction.
Also, in addition to complete information about the plot itself, it is worth indicating a list of documents transferred by the donor to the recipient as a result of the transaction (land survey plan, cadastral passport, etc.).
It is also worth noting that if a group of persons acts on the side of any participant in the donation, each of them must sign the deed of transfer!
Sample act of acceptance and transfer of real estate
An act of acceptance and transfer of real estate is a document that is drawn up by several persons and confirms the fact of acceptance and transfer of real estate.
When fulfilling the terms of the concluded contract for the sale and purchase of real estate, an act of acceptance and transfer of real estate is drawn up, certifying the transfer of the object of the contract to the recipient.
The act is considered an annex to the agreement and has no legal force separately from it. The act must indicate all the properties of the subject of the contract, its total area, location, number of floors, cadastral number, if we are talking about a land plot, and other important data that will help identify the property.
The act of acceptance and transfer of real estate is considered an official confirmation that the parties have no claims against each other.
The act may also indicate that the technical condition of the object makes it possible to use it for its intended purpose.
The meaning of transfer deeds
An act of acceptance and transfer can be drawn up for absolutely any thing that passes from one hand to another.
Thus, this moment of change of owner is documented, which can be very important in civil legal relations.
The act can act as an independent document, or it can be an appendix to the document.
The main objectives of the act are:
— Establishing the moment of change of owner and transfer of things;
— Determination of the state of the thing being transmitted and received;
— Also a definition of completeness, since the act often includes an inventory of the property being transferred;
— Consent of the receiving party with all the information contained in the act, expressed in the signature of the party. Thus, the receiving party can no longer express dissatisfaction regarding the quality or completeness if these data were in the text of the act.
Thus, it is obvious that the importance of the act of acceptance and transfer cannot be underestimated, and the more valuable the object of the agreement, it becomes greater.
That is, for the most expensive objects, all requirements for competent execution of the transaction should be provided, and drawing up a transfer deed will be an integral part in the preparation of documentation.
Rules for drawing up an act of acceptance and transfer of real estate
The act is drawn up in a free form, but a certain scheme for constructing the document must be followed to ensure the correctness of its execution and to initially eliminate the possibility of errors:
- the date when the document was drawn up, as well as the name of the locality within which it was signed;
- Title of the document. A reference to the main agreement is also provided, the annexes of which include the act being drawn up showing its full details;
— then the procedure for transferring property from one party to the transaction to another is described. Details are also provided here regarding what kind of transaction the agreement is being drawn up, etc.;
- followed by the characteristics of the object, with the help of which it can be identified with extreme precision (information from the documentation on the object);
- it is important to indicate exactly what condition the property is in, so that in the future there are no complaints from the new owner, and also when the relationship is rental, so that the owner has the opportunity to subsequently make claims for property damage;
— inventory of property that is transferred together with the real estate property. This point should also be recorded, especially important when renting.
Sample of filling out the act of acceptance and transfer of real estate
Certificate of acceptance and transfer of real estate
City of Krasnogorsk, Moscow region
December 04, 2020
We, gr. RF Gureeva Victoria Aleksandrovna, born on April 26, 1972, passport of the citizen of the Russian Federation 38 93 No. 843779, issued by the Department of Internal Affairs of Krasnogorsk, Moscow Region on February 14, 2020, department code 378-832, registered at the address: Moscow region, Krasnogorsk district, Krasnogorsk city, Yubileinaya street, building 281, apartment 91, hereinafter referred to as “Seller”, on the one hand, and gr. RF Grebenshchikova Ekaterina Dmitrievna, born March 21, 1973, Russian Federation citizen passport 73 89 No. 843839, issued by the Kirov District Internal Affairs Directorate of Moscow, 2008, department code 323-835, registered at the address: Moscow, st. Sovetskaya, house 29, apartment 121, hereinafter referred to as the “Buyer”, on the other hand, in accordance with Art. 556 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, have drawn up this Transfer Deed as follows:
The “Seller”, in accordance with the apartment purchase and sale agreement dated December 02, 2020, sold to the “Buyer” a one-room apartment located on the 4th floor of a 9-story brick building with a total area of 85 (eighty-five point five) sq.m. , including a living area of 70 (seventy point five) sq.m., located at the address: Moscow region, Krasnogorsk city, Fevralskaya street, building 45, apartment 18.
According to this act, the “Seller” transferred to the “Buyer” the above-mentioned real estate in good condition, as it is on the day of signing this act.
The apartment was handed over in a condition suitable for habitation, unencumbered by debt on utility bills, tax payments, and electricity bills.
The “Buyer” accepted from the “Seller” the above-mentioned real estate in the form in which it is on the day of signing this act, and paid the “Seller” the cost of the transferred real estate in full.
By this act, each of the parties to the agreement confirms that the obligations of the parties have been fulfilled, the payment has been made in full, and the parties have no claims against each other regarding the substance of the agreement.
This deed of transfer has been drawn up and signed in three copies having equal legal force, one for each of the parties, the third for storage in the files of the Federal Registration Service for the Moscow Region.
Signatures of the parties:
“Seller” V.A. Gureeva ___________________
“Buyer” E.D.
How to draw up an act of acceptance and transfer of movable property in 2020
Let's start with the fact that donating funds in 2020 can be made in any currency chosen by the donor. Shares, payment documents and other securities can be donated in the same way. In addition, donated funds can be in the account or in cash.
In this case, the acceptance certificate must indicate:
- exact amount;
- the currency in which the money is donated;
- timing, as well as method of transmission;
- where the donated funds are located;
- in what way (non-cash or cash) the funds will be transferred.
If the gift is a car or any other vehicle, the parties indicate the following information in the deed:
- car make;
- car model and its name;
- year of issue;
- color and body type;
- engine, chassis and body numbers.
Remember that if the donating party has not deregistered the vehicle, the state number of the car must be indicated in the deed and agreement.
Transfer deeds for other objects of movable property are drawn up in a similar way (the subject of the donation itself is described, emphasis is placed on the absence of claims, etc.).
What to do after completing the document
If property is transferred under a sales or gift agreement, then after signing the agreement and deed, ownership must be formalized.
This procedure consists of several stages:
- Collecting the necessary papers. The list of necessary documents for registration of ownership rights may vary depending on the type of property being transferred.
- Submitting an application to the appropriate organization. As a rule, multifunctional centers, branches of Rosreestra, and the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate (if a car is being transferred) are involved in processing applications for ownership rights.
- Payment of state duty.
- Receive the owner's certificate. When registering real estate, this is an extract from the Unified State Register of Real Estate; when registering a car, it is a certificate of ownership of the vehicle. For art or equipment, a contract and/or delivery note is sufficient.
The presence of an acceptance certificate is significant material evidence in the event that one of the parties makes a claim and tries to challenge the ownership of property during legal proceedings, or in other conflict situations.
If the property is transferred under a lease agreement, the recipient can use it within the framework of the concluded agreement. Upon expiration of the lease period, if there are no plans to extend it, the object of the agreement is transferred to the owner in strict accordance with the acceptance certificate.
Contents of the act of acceptance and transfer of real estate (apartment, house, land plot)
There are no uniform requirements for the form of the act of acceptance and transfer of real estate for a purchase and sale agreement; it is drawn up in any written form, 1 copy
for each party to the transaction plus one additional copy for the registering authority. If desired, this document, like the purchase and sale agreement itself, can be notarized.
- date and place of compilation;
- information about the seller and buyer or their authorized persons;
- details of the purchase and sale agreement;
- description of the object of contractual relations: name (for example, apartment, house), purpose, address, area, cadastral or conventional number, etc.;
- if a land plot is transferred along with real estate, then it is necessary to enter similar information about it;
- a separate paragraph can describe the condition of the real estate (including decoration, repairs, presence and condition of furniture or equipment);
- documents are prescribed (of a title nature or relating to the technical condition of the property), which are also transferred from the seller to the buyer.
- a clause containing the parties’ claims (or lack thereof).
The transaction is considered fully completed when a document such as an apartment acceptance certificate is drawn up. For the primary housing market, the act is a document on the basis of which the apartment owner can make claims to the developer if there are questions about the quality of the work performed. But even in the “secondary” market, this document plays an important role, but in slightly different cases.
The main legislative act indicating the need for this document is the Civil Code, where in Art. 556 stipulates the need to transfer the object between the parties to the agreement under a transfer deed signed by both parties to the transaction. After signing the transfer and acceptance certificate, the property is considered actually transferred
to the new owner, and the obligations of the parties to the transaction are fulfilled. This may seem like an unnecessary formality, but according to experts, it is necessary to do this in order to save your nerves and money. In some cases, a long time may pass between the execution of the transaction and the actual departure of the former owner from the apartment. The reason for this may be the prolonged transportation of large items, or the wait for the release of living space acquired during the counter purchase.
During this time, various force majeure circumstances may occur, such as the consequences of flooding by neighbors above, or a fire. In this case, the finishing of the apartment, the cost of which is, of course, included in the price of housing, may not be subject to restoration. The human factor may also fail, for example, the former owner will leave a substantial debt for international negotiations. Another case is also possible when, due to the fault of the new owner, the finishing is damaged, and after that he declares that the apartment does not meet the terms of the deal.
The transfer and acceptance certificate will help to clearly record the condition of the apartment at the time of transfer to the new owner, as well as determine the time from which he will be the payer for all utility bills.
It is better to draw up a purchase and sale agreement at a real estate agency, or register the transaction with a notary. Of course, you can draw up an agreement yourself, then send it for registration to the Rosreestr division along with other documents. But there is a risk, due to ignorance or forgetfulness, of overlooking the preparation of the transfer and acceptance certificate and creating potential trouble for yourself.
Avoid signing the deed
acceptance and transfer of a property is impossible, otherwise it will be regarded, from the point of view of legislation, as a refusal to conclude a transaction. In such cases, penalties may be imposed on the negligent participant in the transaction and information about the incident may be transferred to law enforcement agencies.
Drawing up an acceptance certificate will help prevent undesirable developments of events.
Sample act
In practice, there are at least 3 types of transfer deeds that determine the procedure for transferring such property:
- new buildings (transfer of an apartment from the developer to a private owner);
- secondary apartment without furniture (the most common case);
- secondary apartment with furniture, appliances (built-in, movable property, etc.).
In this case, the sample is exactly the same, but in the text (or in the appendix) you need to describe the list of furniture or household appliances with its characteristics, for example: “LG GA-B429SAQZ household refrigerator, good condition, white color, dimensions 45*50*180 cm "
Thus, the document must reflect the following information:
- Place, date of preparation, link to the main agreement (name, date of signing).
- Full name, passport details, addresses and contacts of the parties who signed the transfer deed.
- Full address of the object, description of its condition.
- Description of the state of communications, furniture and equipment, if any.
- A note indicating that payments for the purchase have been made in full.
- A note that the buyer and seller do not have any material claims against each other, either regarding the condition of the apartment and the property in it, or according to the calculations made.
- Date, signatures, transcript of signatures (last name, initials).
Expert opinion
Salomatov Sergey
Real estate expert
Signing is carried out only upon the fact of transfer, i.e. after registration of the right - directly in the apartment.
